Biological muscles act as flexible actuators, generating force naturally and with an impressive range of motion. Unsurprisingly, scientists and engineers have been striving to build artificial muscles ...
Researchers have presented a class of muscle-fiber-array-inspired pneumatic artificial muscles (MAIPAMs) consisting of active 3D elastomer-balloon arrays reinforced by a passive 2D elastomer membrane, ...
Biological organisms (such as elephant trunks, octopus tentacles, and human tongues) show remarkable dexterity and self-adaptation in unstructured environments, relying on the multiple-mode actuations ...
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